שינויים בהתנהגות: אפליקציות שמטרגטות ל-Android מגרסה 16 ואילך

בדומה לגרסאות קודמות, Android 16 כולל שינויים בהתנהגות שעשויים להשפיע על האפליקציה שלכם. שינויי ההתנהגות הבאים רלוונטיים רק לאפליקציות שמטרגטות את Android 16 ואילך. אם האפליקציה שלכם מטרגטת את Android מגרסה 16 ואילך, אתם צריכים לשנות את האפליקציה כדי שהיא תתמוך בהתנהגויות האלה, במקרים הרלוונטיים.

חשוב גם לבדוק את רשימת השינויים בהתנהגות שמשפיעים על כל האפליקציות שפועלות ב-Android 16, בלי קשר ל-targetSdkVersion של האפליקציה.

חוויית המשתמש וממשק המשתמש של המערכת

‫Android 16 (‏API ברמה 36) כוללת את השינויים הבאים, שנועדו ליצור חוויית משתמש עקבית ואינטואיטיבית יותר.

האפשרות להסיר את התצוגה מקצה לקצה תבוטל

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

כדי להשתמש בתכונה "חיזוי החזרה", צריך לבצע העברה או לבטל את ההסכמה

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs, or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

הוצאה משימוש והשבתה של ממשקי API אלגנטיים לגופנים

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

פונקציונליות עיקרית

‫Android 16 (‏API ברמה 36) כוללת את השינויים הבאים, שמשנים או מרחיבים יכולות ליבה שונות של מערכת Android.

אופטימיזציה של תזמון פעולה בקצב קבוע

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

גורמי צורה של מכשירים

‫Android 16 (‏API ברמה 36) כוללת את השינויים הבאים באפליקציות כשהן מוצגות במכשירים עם מסך גדול.

פריסות מותאמות

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions no longer apply on displays with smallest width >= 600dp. Apps fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability. Make your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

בריאות וכושר

‫Android 16 (‏API ברמה 36) כוללת את השינויים הבאים שקשורים לנתוני בריאות וכושר.

הרשאות ל"בריאות וכושר"

באפליקציות שמטרגטות ל-Android 16 ‏ (API level 36) ומעלה, BODY_SENSORS נעשה שימוש בהרשאות יותר מפורטות בקטע android.permissions.health, שגם Health Connect משתמש בהן. החל מ-Android 16, כל API שבעבר דרש את ההרשאות BODY_SENSORS או BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND דורש במקום זאת את ההרשאה התואמת android.permissions.health. השינוי הזה משפיע על סוגי הנתונים, ממשקי ה-API וסוגי השירותים שפועלים בחזית הבאים:

• HEART_RATE_BPM מתוך Health Services ב-Wear OS
• ‫Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE מ-Android Sensor Manager
• ‫heartRateAccuracy ו-heartRateBpm מ-ProtoLayout ב-Wear OS
• ‫FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH במקום BODY_SENSORS, כשנדרשת ההרשאה android.permission.health

אם האפליקציה שלכם משתמשת בממשקי ה-API האלה, היא צריכה לבקש את ההרשאות הגרנולריות המתאימות:

• למעקב אחר קצב הלב, רמת החמצן בדם או טמפרטורת העור בזמן השימוש: צריך לבקש את ההרשאה הגרנולרית בקטע android.permissions.health, כמו READ_HEART_RATE במקום BODY_SENSORS.
• לגישה לחיישנים ברקע: צריך להשתמש ב-request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND במקום ב-request BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

ההרשאות האלה זהות להרשאות שנדרשות כדי לקרוא נתונים מ-Health Connect, מאגר הנתונים של Android לנתוני בריאות, כושר ורווחה.

באפליקציות לנייד.

אפליקציות לנייד שעוברות לשימוש ב-READ_HEART_RATE ובהרשאות גרנולריות אחרות צריכות גם להצהיר על פעילות כדי להציג את מדיניות הפרטיות של האפליקציה. זו אותה דרישה כמו ב-Health Connect.

קישוריות

‫Android 16 (‏API ברמה 36) כוללת את השינויים הבאים במערך Bluetooth כדי לשפר את הקישוריות למכשירים היקפיים.

כוונה חדשה לטיפול באובדן של קשר ובשינויים בהצפנה

כחלק משיפור הטיפול באירועים של אובדן קישור, ב-Android 16 נוספו גם 2 כוונות חדשות כדי לספק לאפליקציות מודעוּת רבה יותר לאובדן קישור ולשינויים בהצפנה.

אפליקציות שמטרגטות את Android 16 יכולות עכשיו:

• לקבל כוונה מסוג ACTION_KEY_MISSING כשמתגלה אובדן של אבטחה מרחוק, כדי לספק משוב מפורט יותר מהמשתמשים ולבצע פעולות מתאימות.
• לקבל כוונה מסוג ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE בכל פעם שסטטוס ההצפנה של הקישור משתנה. זה כולל שינוי בסטטוס ההצפנה, שינוי באלגוריתם ההצפנה ושינוי בגודל מפתח ההצפנה. אפליקציות צריכות להתייחס לאיחוד כמשוחזר אם הקישור מוצפן בהצלחה לאחר קבלת הכוונה ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE.

התאמה להטמעות שונות של יצרני ציוד מקורי (OEM)

גרסת Android 16 כוללת את הכוונות החדשות האלה, אבל ההטמעה והשידור שלהן עשויים להשתנות בהתאם ליצרני המכשירים השונים (OEM). כדי לוודא שהאפליקציה מספקת חוויה עקבית ואמינה בכל המכשירים, המפתחים צריכים לתכנן את הטיפול באובדן הקשר כך שיתאים בצורה חלקה לשינויים הפוטנציאליים האלה.

מומלץ להשתמש בהתנהגויות הבאות באפליקציות:

• אם המערכת משדרת את הכוונה ACTION_KEY_MISSING:

  המערכת תנתק את הקישור של ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less), אבל פרטי הקישור של המכשיר יישמרו (כפי שמתואר כאן).

  האפליקציה צריכה להשתמש בכוונה הזו כאות הראשי לזיהוי אובדן החיבור, ולהנחות את המשתמש לאשר שהמכשיר המרוחק נמצא בטווח לפני שהוא מתחיל למחוק את המכשיר או לבצע התאמה מחדש.

  אם מכשיר מתנתק אחרי קבלת ACTION_KEY_MISSING, האפליקציה צריכה להיזהר לפני שתנסה להתחבר מחדש, כי יכול להיות שהמכשיר כבר לא מקושר למערכת.

• אם הכוונה ACTION_KEY_MISSING לא משודרת:

  הקישור ל-ACL יישאר מחובר, ופרטי הקישור של המכשיר יוסרו על ידי המערכת, בדומה להתנהגות ב-Android 15.

  בתרחיש הזה, האפליקציה צריכה להמשיך להשתמש במנגנונים הקיימים לטיפול באובדן אבטחה, כמו בגרסאות קודמות של Android, כדי לזהות אירועי אובדן אבטחה ולנהל אותם.

דרך חדשה להסרת שיוך Bluetooth

כל האפליקציות שמטרגטות את Android 16 יכולות עכשיו לבטל את ההתאמה של מכשירי Bluetooth באמצעות API ציבורי ב-CompanionDeviceManager. אם מכשיר נלווה מנוהל כשיוך CDM, האפליקציה יכולה להפעיל הסרה של קישור Bluetooth באמצעות ה-API החדש removeBond(int) במכשיר המשויך. האפליקציה יכולה לעקוב אחרי השינויים במצב החיבור על ידי האזנה לאירוע השידור של מכשיר ה-Bluetooth ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

אבטחה

‫Android 16 (‏API ברמה 36) כוללת את שינויי האבטחה הבאים.

נעילת גרסה של MediaStore

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

כוונות בטוחות יותר

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

סינון של קריאות מערכת (syscall) ב-GPU

To harden the Mali GPU surface, Mali GPU IOCTLs that have been deprecated or are intended solely for GPU development have been blocked in production builds. Additionally, IOCTLs used for GPU profiling have been restricted to the shell process or debuggable applications. Refer to the SAC update for more details on the platform-level policy.

This change takes place on Pixel devices using the Mali GPU (Pixel 6-9). Arm has provided official categorization of their IOCTLs in Documentation/ioctl-categories.rst of their r54p2 release. This list will continue to be maintained in future driver releases.

This change does not impact supported graphics APIs (including Vulkan and OpenGL), and is not expected to impact developers or existing applications. GPU profiling tools such as the Streamline Performance Analyzer and the Android GPU Inspector won't be affected.

Testing

If you see a SELinux denial similar to the following, it is likely your application has been impacted by this change:

06-30 10:47:18.617 20360 20360 W roidJUnitRunner: type=1400 audit(0.0:85): avc:  denied  { ioctl }
for  path="/dev/mali0" dev="tmpfs" ino=1188 ioctlcmd=0x8023
scontext=u:r:untrusted_app_25:s0:c512,c768 tcontext=u:object_r:gpu_device:s0 tclass=chr_file
permissive=0 app=com.google.android.selinux.pts

If your application needs to use blocked IOCTLs, please file a bug and assign it to android-partner-security@google.com.

FAQ

1. Does this policy change apply to all OEMs? This change will be opt-in, but available to any OEMs who would like to use this hardening method. Instructions for implementing the change can be found in the implementation documentation.

2. Is it mandatory to make changes in the OEM codebase to implement this, or does it come with a new AOSP release by default? The platform-level change will come with a new AOSP release by default. Vendors may opt-in to this change in their codebase if they would like to apply it.

3. Are SoCs responsible for keeping the IOCTL list up to date? For example, if my device uses an ARM Mali GPU, would I need to reach out to ARM for any of the changes? Individual SoCs must update their IOCTL lists per device upon driver release. For example, ARM will update their published IOCTL list upon driver updates. However, OEMs should make sure that they incorporate the updates in their SEPolicy, and add any selected custom IOCTLs to the lists as needed.

4. Does this change apply to all Pixel in-market devices automatically, or is a user action required to toggle something to apply this change? This change applies to all Pixel in-market devices using the Mali GPU (Pixel 6-9). No user action is required to apply this change.

5. Will use of this policy impact the performance of the kernel driver? This policy was tested on the Mali GPU using GFXBench, and no measurable change to GPU performance was observed.

6. Is it necessary for the IOCTL list to align with the current userspace and kernel driver versions? Yes, the list of allowed IOCTLs must be synchronized with the IOCTLs supported by both the userspace and kernel drivers. If the IOCTLs in the user space or kernel driver are updated, the SEPolicy IOCTL list must be updated to match.

7. ARM has categorized IOCTLs as 'restricted' / 'instrumentation', but we want to use some of them in production use-cases, and/or deny others. Individual OEMs/SoCs are responsible for deciding on how to categorize the IOCTLs they use, based on the configuration of their userspace Mali libraries. ARM's list can be used to help decide on these, but each OEM/SoC's use-case may be different.

פרטיות

‫Android 16 (‏API ברמה 36) כוללת את השינויים הבאים שקשורים לפרטיות.

הרשאה לגישה לרשת המקומית

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and 26Q2 respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

תמונות בבעלות האפליקציה

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.