Cambios de comportamiento: todas las apps

La plataforma de Android 16 incluye cambios de comportamiento que podrían afectar tu app. Los siguientes cambios de comportamiento se aplican a todas las apps cuando se ejecutan en Android 16, independientemente de targetSdkVersion. Debes probar tu app y, luego, modificarla según corresponda para admitir estos cambios.

Asegúrate también de revisar la lista de cambios de comportamiento que solo afectan a las apps orientadas a Android 16.

Funcionalidad principal

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios que modifican o expanden varias capacidades principales del sistema Android.

Optimizaciones de cuotas de JobScheduler

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

  • Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
  • If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
  • If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For information about how your app's state affects the resources it can use, see Power management resource limits. For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Motivo de detención de trabajos vacíos abandonados

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

Se dejó de usar por completo JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

El alcance de prioridad de transmisión ordenada ya no es global

Las apps para Android pueden definir prioridades en los receptores de emisión para controlar el orden en que los receptores reciben y procesan la emisión. En el caso de los receptores declarados en el manifiesto, las apps pueden usar el atributo android:priority para definir la prioridad y, en el caso de los receptores registrados en el contexto, las apps pueden usar la API de IntentFilter#setPriority() para definir la prioridad. Cuando se envía una transmisión, el sistema la entrega a los receptores en orden de prioridad, de la más alta a la más baja.

En Android 16, no se garantizará el orden de entrega de transmisiones con el atributo android:priority o IntentFilter#setPriority() en diferentes procesos. Las prioridades de transmisión solo se respetarán dentro del mismo proceso de la aplicación y no en todos los procesos.

Además, las prioridades de transmisión se limitarán automáticamente al rango (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Solo los componentes del sistema podrán establecer SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY como prioridad de transmisión.

Es posible que tu app se vea afectada si realiza alguna de las siguientes acciones:

  1. Tu aplicación declaró varios procesos con el mismo intent de transmisión y tiene expectativas sobre la recepción de esos intents en un orden determinado según la prioridad.
  2. El proceso de tu app interactúa con otros procesos y tiene expectativas con respecto a la recepción de un intent de transmisión en un orden determinado.

Si los procesos deben coordinarse entre sí, deben comunicarse a través de otros canales de coordinación.

Cambios internos en ART

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

Modo de compatibilidad de tamaño de página de 16 KB

Android 15 introduced support for 16 KB memory pages to optimize performance of the platform. Android 16 adds a compatibility mode, allowing some apps built for 4 KB memory pages to run on a device configured for 16 KB memory pages.

When your app is running on a device with Android 16 or higher, if Android detects that your app has 4 KB aligned memory pages, it automatically uses compatibility mode and display a notification dialog to the user. Setting the android:pageSizeCompat property in the AndroidManifest.xml to enable the backwards compatibility mode will prevent the display of the dialog when your app launches. To use the android:pageSizeCompat property, compile your app using the Android 16 SDK.

For best performance, reliability, and stability, your app should still be 16 KB aligned. Check out our recent blog post on updating your apps to support 16 KB memory pages for more details.

The compatibility mode dialog that displays when the system detects that a 4 KB-aligned app could run more optimally if 16 KB aligned.

Experiencia del usuario y la IU del sistema

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios que tienen como objetivo crear una experiencia del usuario más coherente e intuitiva.

Se dieron de baja los anuncios de accesibilidad que interrumpen

Android 16 da de baja los anuncios de accesibilidad, que se caracterizan por el uso de announceForAccessibility o el envío de eventos de accesibilidad TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT. Esto puede crear experiencias del usuario incoherentes para los usuarios de TalkBack y el lector de pantalla de Android, y las alternativas satisfacen mejor una gama más amplia de necesidades de los usuarios en una variedad de tecnologías de accesibilidad de Android.

Ejemplos de alternativas:

La documentación de referencia de la API de announceForAccessibility, que dejó de estar disponible, incluye más detalles sobre las alternativas sugeridas.

Compatibilidad con la navegación con 3 botones

Android 16 brings predictive back support to the 3-button navigation for apps that have properly migrated to predictive back. Long-pressing the back button initiates a predictive back animation, giving you a preview of where the back swipe takes you.

This behavior applies across all areas of the system that support predictive back animations, including the system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity).

The predictive back animations in 3-button navigation mode.

Íconos de apps temáticos automáticos

A partir de Android 16 QPR 2, Android aplica automáticamente temas a los íconos de las apps para crear una experiencia cohesiva en la pantalla principal. Esto sucede si una app no proporciona su propio ícono de app temático. Las apps pueden controlar el diseño de su ícono de app temático si incluyen una capa monocromática dentro de su ícono adaptable y obtienen una vista previa de la apariencia de su ícono de app en Android Studio.

Factores de forma del dispositivo

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios para las apps cuando los propietarios de dispositivos virtuales las proyectan en pantallas.

Anulaciones del propietario del dispositivo virtual

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Seguridad

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye cambios que promueven la seguridad del sistema para ayudar a proteger las apps y los usuarios de las apps maliciosas.

Mayor seguridad contra ataques de redireccionamiento de intents

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }
For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Ya no se notifica a las apps complementarias sobre los tiempos de espera de detección

Android 16 introduces a new behavior during companion device pairing flow to protect the user's location privacy from malicious apps. All companion apps running on Android 16 are no longer directly notified of discovery timeout using RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT. Instead, the user is notified of timeout events with a visual dialog. When the user dismisses the dialog, the app is alerted of the association failure with RESULT_USER_REJECTED.

The search duration has also been extended from the original 20 seconds, and the device discovery can be stopped by the user at any point during the search. If at least one device was discovered within the first 20 seconds of starting the search, the CDM stops searching for additional devices.

Conectividad

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios en la pila de Bluetooth para mejorar la conectividad con dispositivos periféricos.

Se mejoró el manejo de la pérdida de vinculación

A partir de Android 16, se actualizó la pila de Bluetooth para mejorar la seguridad y la experiencia del usuario cuando se detecta una pérdida de vinculación remota. Anteriormente, el sistema quitaba automáticamente la vinculación e iniciaba un nuevo proceso de vinculación, lo que podía provocar una vinculación accidental. En muchos casos, observamos que las apps no se ocupan del evento de pérdida de vínculo de manera coherente.

Para unificar la experiencia, Android 16 mejoró el manejo de la pérdida de vinculación en el sistema. Si no se pudo autenticar un dispositivo Bluetooth vinculado anteriormente cuando se volvió a conectar, el sistema desconectará el vínculo, retendrá la información de vinculación local y mostrará un diálogo del sistema en el que se informará a los usuarios sobre la pérdida de vinculación y se les indicará que vuelvan a vincular el dispositivo.