Pour aider les développeurs à définir des services de premier plan destinés aux utilisateurs, Android 10 a introduit l'attribut android:foregroundServiceType dans l'élément <service>.
Si votre application cible Android 14, elle doit spécifier les types de services de premier plan appropriés. Comme dans les versions précédentes d'Android, vous pouvez combiner plusieurs types. Cette liste présente les types de services de premier plan disponibles :
cameraconnectedDevicedataSynchealthlocationmediaPlaybackmediaProjectionmicrophonephoneCallremoteMessagingshortServicespecialUsesystemExempted
Si un cas d'utilisation dans votre application n'est associé à aucun de ces types, nous vous recommandons fortement de migrer votre logique pour utiliser WorkManager ou les tâches de transfert de données lancé par l'utilisateur.
Les types health, remoteMessaging, shortService, specialUse et systemExempted sont nouveaux sur Android 14.
L'extrait de code suivant fournit un exemple de déclaration de type de service de premier plan dans le fichier manifeste :
<manifest ...>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK" />
<application ...>
<service
android:name=".MyMediaPlaybackService"
android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback"
android:exported="false">
</service>
</application>
</manifest>
Si une application qui cible Android 14 ne définit pas de types pour un service donné dans le fichier manifeste, le système génère MissingForegroundServiceTypeException lors de l'appel de startForeground() pour ce service.
Déclarer une nouvelle autorisation pour utiliser les types de services de premier plan
If apps that target Android 14 use a foreground service, they must declare a specific permission, based on the foreground service type, that Android 14 introduces. These permissions appear in the sections labeled "permission that you must declare in your manifest file" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.
All of the permissions are defined as normal permissions and are granted by default. Users cannot revoke these permissions.
Inclure le type de service de premier plan lors de l'exécution
The best practice for applications starting foreground services is to use the
ServiceCompat version of startForeground() (available in androidx-core
1.12 and higher) where you pass in a bitwise
integer of foreground service types. You can choose to pass one or more type
values.
Usually, you should declare only the types required for a particular use case. This makes it easier to meet the system's expectations for each foreground service type. In cases where a foreground service is started with multiple types, then the foreground service must adhere to the platform enforcement requirements of all types.
ServiceCompat.startForeground(0, notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)
If the foreground service type is not specified in the call, the type defaults
to the values defined in the manifest. If you didn't specify the service
type in the manifest, the system throws
MissingForegroundServiceTypeException.
If the foreground service needs new permissions after you launch it, you
should call startForeground() again and add the new service types. For
example, suppose a fitness app runs a running-tracker service that always needs
location information, but might or might not need media permissions. You
would need to declare both location and mediaPlayback in the manifest. If a
user starts a run and just wants their location tracked, your app should call
startForeground() and pass just the location service type. Then, if the user
wants to start playing audio, call startForeground() again and pass
location|mediaPlayback.
Vérifications de l'exécution du système
The system checks for proper use of foreground service types and confirms that
the app has requested the proper runtime permissions or uses the required APIs.
For instance, the system expects apps that use the foreground service type
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION type to request either
ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION or ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION.
This implies that apps must follow a very specific
order of operations when requesting permissions from the user and starting
foreground services. Permissions must be requested and granted before the
app attempts to call startForeground(). Apps that request the appropriate
permissions after the foreground service has been started must change this order
of operations and request the permission before starting the foreground service.
The specifics of platform enforcement appear in the sections labeled "runtime requirements" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.
Cas d'utilisation prévus et application forcée pour chaque type de service de premier plan
Pour utiliser un type de service de premier plan donné, vous devez déclarer une autorisation particulière dans votre fichier manifeste, respecter des exigences d'exécution spécifiques et votre application doit respecter l'un des ensembles de cas d'utilisation prévus pour ce type. Les sections suivantes décrivent les autorisations que vous devez déclarer, les conditions préalables d'exécution et les cas d'utilisation prévus pour chaque type.
Caméra
- Type de service de premier plan à déclarer dans le fichier manifeste sous
android:foregroundServiceType camera- Autorisation à déclarer dans votre fichier manifeste
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA- Constante à transmettre à
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA- Conditions préalables d'exécution
Demander l'autorisation d'exécution
CAMERAet l'obtenirRemarque:L'autorisation d'exécution
CAMERAest soumise à des restrictions d'utilisation. Pour cette raison, vous ne pouvez pas créer de service de premier plancameralorsque votre application est en arrière-plan, à quelques exceptions près. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la section Restrictions concernant le démarrage de services de premier plan nécessitant des autorisations en cours d'utilisation.- Description
Continuez à avoir accès à la caméra en arrière-plan, pour les applications de chat vidéo permettant d'effectuer plusieurs tâches en même temps, par exemple.
Appareil connecté
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceTypeconnectedDevice- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE- Constant to pass to
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE- Runtime prerequisites
At least one of the following conditions must be true:
Declare at least one of the following permissions in your manifest:
Request and be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:
- Description
Interactions with external devices that require a Bluetooth, NFC, IR, USB, or network connection.
- Alternatives
If your app needs to do continuous data transfer to an external device, consider using the companion device manager instead. Use the companion device presence API to help your app stay running while the companion device is in range.
If your app needs to scan for bluetooth devices, consider using the Bluetooth scan API instead.
Synchroniser les données
- Type de service de premier plan à déclarer dans le fichier manifeste sous
android:foregroundServiceTypedataSync- Autorisation à déclarer dans votre fichier manifeste
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC- Constante à transmettre à
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC- Conditions préalables d'exécution
- Aucune
- Description
Opérations de transfert de données, telles que :
- Importation ou téléchargement de données
- Opérations de sauvegarde et restauration
- Opérations d'importation ou d'exportation
- Extraction de données
- Traitement des fichiers en local
- Transfert de données d'un appareil vers le cloud via un réseau
- Autres solutions
Pour en savoir plus, consultez la section Alternatives aux services de premier plan de synchronisation des données.
Santé
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceTypehealth- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH- Constant to pass to
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH- Runtime prerequisites
At least one of the following conditions must be true:
Declare the
HIGH_SAMPLING_RATE_SENSORSpermission in your manifest.Request and be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:
BODY_SENSORSon API level 35 and lowerREAD_HEART_RATEREAD_SKIN_TEMPERATUREREAD_OXYGEN_SATURATIONACTIVITY_RECOGNITION
Note: The
BODY_SENSORSand sensor-based READ runtime permissions are subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create ahealthforeground service that uses body sensors while your app is in the background unless you've been granted theBODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND(API level 33 to 35) orREAD_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND(API level 36 and higher) permissions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.- Description
Any long-running use cases to support apps in the fitness category such as exercise trackers.
Localisation
- Type de service de premier plan à déclarer dans le fichier manifeste sous
android:foregroundServiceTypelocation- Autorisation à déclarer dans votre fichier manifeste
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION- Constante à transmettre à
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION- Conditions préalables d'exécution
L'utilisateur doit avoir activé les services de localisation, et l'application doit disposer d'au moins l'une des autorisations d'exécution suivantes:
Remarque:Pour vérifier que l'utilisateur a activé les services de localisation et accordé l'accès aux autorisations d'exécution, utilisez
PermissionChecker#checkSelfPermission().Remarque:Les autorisations d'exécution d'accéder à la position sont soumises à des restrictions d'utilisation. Pour cette raison, vous ne pouvez pas créer de service de premier plan
locationlorsque votre application est en arrière-plan, sauf si vous avez reçu l'autorisation d'exécutionACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la section Restrictions concernant le démarrage de services de premier plan nécessitant des autorisations en cours d'utilisation.- Description
Cas d'utilisation de longue durée nécessitant un accès à la position, tels que la navigation et le partage de position.
- Autres solutions
Si votre application doit être déclenchée lorsque l'utilisateur atteint des emplacements spécifiques, envisagez plutôt d'utiliser l'API Geofence.
Contenus multimédias
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceTypemediaPlayback- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK- Constant to pass to
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK- Runtime prerequisites
- None
- Description
- Continue audio or video playback from the background. Support Digital Video Recording (DVR) functionality on Android TV.
- Alternatives
- If you're showing picture-in-picture video, use Picture-in-Picture mode.
Projection multimédia
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceTypemediaProjection- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION- Constant to pass to
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION- Runtime prerequisites
Call the
createScreenCaptureIntent()method before starting the foreground service. Doing so shows a permission notification to the user; the user must grant the permission before you can create the service.After you have created the foreground service, you can call
MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection().- Description
Project content to non-primary display or external device using the
MediaProjectionAPIs. This content doesn't have to be exclusively media content.- Alternatives
To stream media to another device, use the Google Cast SDK.
Micro
- Type de service de premier plan à déclarer dans le fichier manifeste sous
android:foregroundServiceTypemicrophone- Autorisation à déclarer dans votre fichier manifeste
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE- Constante à transmettre à
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE- Conditions préalables d'exécution
Demandez l'autorisation d'exécution
RECORD_AUDIOet obtenez-la.Remarque:L'autorisation d'exécution
RECORD_AUDIOest soumise à des restrictions d'utilisation. Pour cette raison, vous ne pouvez pas créer de service de premier planmicrophonelorsque votre application est en arrière-plan, à quelques exceptions près. Pour en savoir plus, consultez la section Restrictions concernant le démarrage de services de premier plan nécessitant des autorisations en cours d'utilisation.- Description
Continuez à utiliser le micro en arrière-plan, par exemple pour un enregistreur vocal ou une application de communication.
Appel téléphonique
- Type de service de premier plan à déclarer dans le fichier manifeste sous
android:foregroundServiceTypephoneCall- Autorisation à déclarer dans votre fichier manifeste
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL- Constante à transmettre à
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL- Conditions préalables d'exécution
Vous devez remplir l'une des conditions suivantes:
- L'application a déclaré l'autorisation
MANAGE_OWN_CALLSdans son fichier manifeste.
- L'application a déclaré l'autorisation
- L'application est l'application de téléphone par défaut via le rôle
ROLE_DIALER.
- L'application est l'application de téléphone par défaut via le rôle
- Description
Poursuivez un appel en cours à l'aide des API
ConnectionService.- Autres solutions
Si vous devez passer des appels téléphoniques, vidéo ou VoIP, envisagez d'utiliser la bibliothèque
android.telecom.Envisagez d'utiliser
CallScreeningServicepour filtrer les appels.
Messagerie à distance
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceTyperemoteMessaging- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING- Constant to pass to
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING- Runtime prerequisites
- None
- Description
- Transfer text messages from one device to another. Assists with continuity of a user's messaging tasks when they switch devices.
Service court
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceTypeshortService- Permission to declare in your manifest
- None
- Constant to pass to
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE- Runtime prerequisites
- None
- Description
Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.
This type has some unique characteristics:
- Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
- No support for sticky foreground services.
- Cannot start other foreground services.
- Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still
requires the
FOREGROUND_SERVICEpermission. - A
shortServicecan only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service. - A foreground service can change its type to
shortServiceat any time, at which point the timeout period begins.
The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that
Service.startForeground()is called. The app is expected to callService.stopSelf()orService.stopForeground()before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the newService.onTimeout()is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to callstopSelf()orstopForeground()to stop their service.A short time after
Service.onTimeout()is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentionsFOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement theService.onTimeout()callback.The
Service.onTimeout()callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received theService.onTimeout()callback yet.It's important to note that if the timeout of the
shortServiceis not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling
Service.StartForeground()again with theFOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICEparameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes aForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.
If you start a foreground service that includes the
shortServicetype and another foreground service type, the system ignores theshortServicetype declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.
Utilisation spéciale
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceTypespecialUse- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE- Constant to pass to
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE- Runtime prerequisites
- None
- Description
Covers any valid foreground service use cases that aren't covered by the other foreground service types.
In addition to declaring the
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USEforeground service type, developers should declare use cases in the manifest. To do so, they specify the<property>element within the<service>element. These values and corresponding use cases are reviewed when you submit your app in the Google Play Console. The use cases you provide are free-form, and you should make sure to provide enough information to let the reviewer see why you need to use thespecialUsetype.<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"> <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE" android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/> </service>
Système exempté
- Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceTypesystemExempted- Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED- Constant to pass to
startForeground() FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED- Runtime prerequisites
- None
- Description
Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.
To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:
- Device is in demo mode state
- App is a Device Owner
- App is a Profiler Owner
- Safety Apps that have the
ROLE_EMERGENCYrole - Device Admin apps
- Apps holding
SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARMorUSE_EXACT_ALARMpermission and are using Foreground Service to continue alarms in the background, including haptics-only alarms. VPN apps (configured using Settings > Network & Internet > VPN)
Otherwise, declaring this type causes the system to throw a
ForegroundServiceTypeNotAllowedException.
Application des règles Google Play pour l'utilisation des types de services de premier plan
If your app targets Android 14 or higher, you'll need to declare your app's foreground service types in the Play Console's app content page (Policy > App content). For more information on how to declare your foreground service types in Play Console, see Understanding foreground service and full-screen intent requirements.